Mediastinal myeloid sarcoma: challenges in diagnosis

Abstract

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a hematology malignance characterized for an extramedullary proliferation of myeloid blasts in different maturation status. It is a very rare pathology, with an incidence of 2 cases per million. The most committed sites are skin and soft parts, lymphatic nodes, breast and gastrointestinal tract.
The main pathologies that represent a challenge at the time of diagnosis are diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Burkitt or lymphoblastic lymphoma, solid tumors like Ewin sarcoma, thymoma or oat cell, because they can present morphological similarities in microscopical analyses.
Its identification represents a challenge, since there is a high incidence of erroneous diagnoses.
The objective of this case presentation is to consider MS as a differential diagnosis in patients with mediastinal mass, since its early identification and timely treatment are translated into better results.